डेपलेटेड यूरेनियम वाले गोले: बॉस्निया, यूगोस्लाविया, इराक में उनके प्रयोग का परिणाम
सब्सक्राइब करें
14 मार्च 1999 को, नाटो बलों ने यूगोस्लाविया में बमबारी शुरू की थी, जिसमें सर्बिया और मॉन्टेनीग्रो गणराज्य शामिल थे। बमबारी 10 जून तक यानी 78 दिनों के दौरान चली थी।
नाटो का “ऑपरेशन एलाइड फोर्स” नामक सैन्य अभियान संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद की मंजूरी के बिना और पश्चिमी देशों के उन दावों के आधार पर शुरू किया गया था कि स्लोबोदान मिलोसेविच के नेतृत्व में यूगोस्लाविया के अधिकारियों द्वारा कोसोवो प्रांत में की गई जातीय सफाई के कारण वहाँ मानवीय आपदा शुरू हुई। कोसोवो प्रांत में सर्ब और अल्बानियाई लोग रहते हैं।
1999 की शुरुआत में कोसोवो में स्थिति राकक गांव में हुई घटना के बाद ज्यादा गंभीर हो गई, जहां रिपोर्टों के अनुसार 15 जनवरी को 45 निहत्थे नागरिकों की हत्या कर दी गई थी। यूगोस्लाविया के अनुसार, ये कोसोवो लिबरेशन आर्मी के आतंकवादी थे, जिन्होंने जानबूझकर नागरिकों के कपड़े पहनने का निर्णय किया था।
बमबारी की शुरुआत
लड़ाई शुरू करने का आदेश नाटो के महासचिव जेवियर सोलाना द्वारा सहयोगी देशों की सेना के तत्कालीन कमांडर अमेरिकी जनरल वेस्ली क्लार्क को दिया गया।
24 मार्च को स्थानीय समय पर लगभग 20.00 बजे एड्रियाटिक सागर के मोंटेनिग्रिन तट पर स्थित यूगोस्लाविया की सेना की रडार प्रणालियों पर पहला मिसाइल हमला किया गया था। उसी समय बेलग्रेड से कुछ किलोमीटर की दूरी पर सैन्य हवाई अड्डे पर और यूगोस्लाविया की राजधानी से 20 किलोमीटर से कम दूरी पर पंचेवो शहर में बड़ी औद्योगिक सुविधाओं पर रॉकेट हमले किए गए। द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद पहली बार सर्बिया और मोंटेनेग्रो के अधिकांश प्रमुख शहरों में सैनिक कानून घोषित किया गया।
हवाई हमलों के दौरान रेडियोधर्मी हिस्सों वाले और मुख्य रूप से डेपलेटेड यूरेनियम वाले प्रतिबंधित गोला-बारूद,ग्रेफाइट-इलेक्ट्रोमैग्नेटिक चार्जिंग वाले गोलों और गुच्छ युद्धसामग्री वाले बमों का उपयोग किया गया, जिन्हें स्थानीय ताप विद्युत केंद्रों और बिजली सुविधाओं पर गिराया गया।
नाटो के अनुसार, अभियान के दौरान 38,000 से अधिक उड़ानें भरी गईं, जिनमें से 10,484 लड़ाकू उड़ानें थीं।
नाटो के बालों ने 2300 हमले किए और 22 हजार टन गोलों को गिराया गया , जिन में 37 हजार गुच्छ युद्धसामग्री वाले प्रतिबंधित बम और डेपलेटेड यूरेनियम वाले बम थे (पिछले साल में सर्बिया की सरकार के आँकड़े)।
अभियान का अंत
9 जून 1999 को कुमानोवो सैन्य-तकनीकी समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए जाने के बाद अभियान समाप्त हो गया। उस समझौते के अनुसार कोसोवो में सर्बियाई सैनिकों और पुलिस के स्थान पर अंतरराष्ट्रीय शांति सेना पहुंची, लेकिन आखिरी हमला 10 जून को स्थानीय समय पर 13.15 बजे कोसोवो में कोसोव्स्का कामेनिका शहर के पास किया गया।
10 जून को नाटो के महासचिव ने बमबारी को खत्म करने का आदेश दिया, क्योंकि कोसोवो से यूगोस्लाविया और सर्बिया की सेना की वापसी शुरू हो गई। उसी दिन संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद ने रिज़ॉल्यूशन 1244 को स्वीकार किया। उसने यूगोस्लाविया की क्षेत्रीय अखंडता की पुष्टि करके कोसोवो के अंतिम दर्जे के निर्धारण पर ध्यान दिया। नाटो के नेतृत्व में 36 देशों से 37,200 सैन्य मिशन "शांति और सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के लिए" क्षेत्र में भेजे गए।
बमबारी का परिणाम
हताहत नागरिकों की संख्या ज्ञात नहीं है, और विभिन्न स्रोतों के आंकड़ों के अनुसार यह संख्या भिन्न है।
सर्बियाई रक्षा मंत्रालय के अनुसार, 2,500 नागरिकों की मौत हुई थी, जिनमें 89 बच्चे शामिल हैं, और 1,031 सेना और पुलिस अधिकारियों की मौत हुई थी। इसके साथ उनके अनुसार, घायल नागरिकों की संख्या 6,000 है, जिनमें 2,700 बच्चे शामिल हैं, सुरक्षा बलों के 5,173 अधिकारी घायल हो गए, और अन्य 25 लोग लापता हैं।
पश्चिमी ह्यूमन राइट्स वॉच संगठन ने 90 घटनाओं की पुष्टि की है जिनमें नाटो बमबारी के परिणामस्वरूप नागरिकों की मौत हुई थी। उस संगठन के अनुसार “ऑपरेशन एलाइड फोर्स” के दौरान 489 से 528 तक नागरिकों की मौत हुई थी।
बमबारी के बाद सर्बिया में ऑन्कोलॉजिकल रोगों के मामलों की संख्या में बहुत बड़ी वृद्धि हुई। सर्बियाई ऑन्कोलॉजिस्टों का दावा है कि नाटो सर्बिया में 10,000-18,000 कैंसर से हुई मौतों के लिए जिम्मेदार है और इसके साथ बमबारी के बाद पहले 10 वर्षों के दौरान 15,000 से 30,000 तक नए पंजीकृत कैंसर रोगियों की बीमारी के लिए जिम्मेदार है।
बेलग्रेड में कुल भौतिक क्षति 100 अरब डॉलर तक अनुमानित किया गया। नाटो के सैनिकों और उपकरणों को पहुंचाए गए सैन्य नुकसान के बारे में कभी नहीं बताया गया। बेलग्रेड के अधिकारियों ने उस समय दावा किया था कि एक दर्जन से अधिक विमानों को मार गिराया गया था, जिसकी पुष्टि कभी सबूतों द्वारा नहीं की गई है।
Sputnik ने आपके लिए बॉस्निया, यूगोस्लाविया और इराक में डेपलेटेड यूरेनियम वाले गोलों के प्रयोग का प्रभाव दिखाने वाली फ़ोटो गलेरी को तैयार किया।
© AFP 2023 Karim SahibLeukemia victim Zahra Hussein, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed on her hospital bed in Baghdad 09 January 2001. Baghdad is holding the United States and its Western allies responsible for the widespread cancer cases in southern Iraq following the 1991 Gulf war as a result of using depleted uranium in their war machinery. The Iraqi media has highlighted recent reports that depleted uranium ammunition used by US NATO forces in the Balkans maybe to blame for a rash of cancer cases among troops posted in the region.
![Leukemia victim Zahra Hussein, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed on her hospital bed in Baghdad 09 January 2001. Leukemia victim Zahra Hussein, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed on her hospital bed in Baghdad 09 January 2001. - Sputnik भारत](https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.in/img/07e7/03/18/1295665_0:0:1900:1588_600x0_80_0_1_16f2b76d56f11bbcba8890c66796e257.jpg)
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© AFP 2023 Karim Sahib
Leukemia victim Zahra Hussein, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed on her hospital bed in Baghdad 09 January 2001. Baghdad is holding the United States and its Western allies responsible for the widespread cancer cases in southern Iraq following the 1991 Gulf war as a result of using depleted uranium in their war machinery. The Iraqi media has highlighted recent reports that depleted uranium ammunition used by US NATO forces in the Balkans maybe to blame for a rash of cancer cases among troops posted in the region.
© AP Photo / Enric MartiEight-year-old Ahmed Raadi is comforted by his mother Telba Ramadan as he waits Monday, January 15, 2001, for his weekly treatment of chemotherapy at the Ibn-Gazwan Children's Hospital in Basra, Iraq. Raadi was born blind and suffers from a brain tumor which developed when he was seven. The cancer has spread to his abdomen, causing it to swell. Doctors say that his case is hopeless. Raadi is among the increasing number of cancer cases, and the Iraqi government is renewing its claim that depleted uranium used in some of the U.S.-led allied forces' weapons during the Gulf War is to blame. (AP Photo/Enric Marti)
![Eight-year-old Ahmed Raadi is comforted by his mother Telba Ramadan as he waits Monday, January 15, 2001, for his weekly treatment of chemotherapy at the Ibn-Gazwan Children's Hospital in Basra, Iraq. Raadi was born blind and suffers from a brain tumor which developed when he was seven. The cancer has spread to his abdomen, causing it to swell Eight-year-old Ahmed Raadi is comforted by his mother Telba Ramadan as he waits Monday, January 15, 2001, for his weekly treatment of chemotherapy at the Ibn-Gazwan Children's Hospital in Basra, Iraq. Raadi was born blind and suffers from a brain tumor which developed when he was seven. The cancer has spread to his abdomen, causing it to swell - Sputnik भारत](https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.in/img/07e7/03/18/1296763_0:0:1792:1178_600x0_80_0_1_dd59389c1ccc0c91ea30b47b4637b24f.jpg)
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© AP Photo / Enric Marti
Eight-year-old Ahmed Raadi is comforted by his mother Telba Ramadan as he waits Monday, January 15, 2001, for his weekly treatment of chemotherapy at the Ibn-Gazwan Children's Hospital in Basra, Iraq. Raadi was born blind and suffers from a brain tumor which developed when he was seven. The cancer has spread to his abdomen, causing it to swell. Doctors say that his case is hopeless. Raadi is among the increasing number of cancer cases, and the Iraqi government is renewing its claim that depleted uranium used in some of the U.S.-led allied forces' weapons during the Gulf War is to blame. (AP Photo/Enric Marti)
© AP Photo / Visar KryeziuAn ethnic Albanian passes a Yugoslav Army tank destroyed during the NATO bombing in the western Kosovo town of Klina, Friday, Jan 5, 2001. There is growing concern over the linkage between the usage of weapons containing depleted uranium and some cases of cancer among soldiers serving in peacekeeping missions in Kosovo and Bosnia. (AP Photo/Visar Kryeziu)
![An ethnic Albanian passes a Yugoslav Army tank destroyed during the NATO bombing in the western Kosovo town of Klina, Friday, Jan 5, 2001. An ethnic Albanian passes a Yugoslav Army tank destroyed during the NATO bombing in the western Kosovo town of Klina, Friday, Jan 5, 2001. - Sputnik भारत](https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.in/img/07e7/03/18/1296580_0:0:1992:1343_600x0_80_0_1_f8a6cf652bd2a5c021db047c6652cf73.jpg)
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© AP Photo / Visar Kryeziu
An ethnic Albanian passes a Yugoslav Army tank destroyed during the NATO bombing in the western Kosovo town of Klina, Friday, Jan 5, 2001. There is growing concern over the linkage between the usage of weapons containing depleted uranium and some cases of cancer among soldiers serving in peacekeeping missions in Kosovo and Bosnia. (AP Photo/Visar Kryeziu)
© AFP 2023 Karim SahibLeukemia victim Sajed Ali, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed in his hospital room in Baghdad 09 January 2001. Baghdad is holding the United States and its Western allies responsible for the widespread cancer cases in southern Iraq following the 1991 Gulf war as a result of using depleted uranium in their war machinery. The Iraqi media has highlighted recent reports that depleted uranium ammunition used by US NATO forces in the Balkans maybe to blame for a rash of cancer cases among troops posted in the region.
![Leukemia victim Sajed Ali, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed in his hospital room in Baghdad 09 January 2001. Leukemia victim Sajed Ali, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed in his hospital room in Baghdad 09 January 2001. - Sputnik भारत](https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.in/img/07e7/03/18/1295848_0:0:2048:1465_600x0_80_0_1_2fc2774ea9ea8229727e4cd00f101145.jpg)
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© AFP 2023 Karim Sahib
Leukemia victim Sajed Ali, from the southern Iraqi city of Basra, is photographed in his hospital room in Baghdad 09 January 2001. Baghdad is holding the United States and its Western allies responsible for the widespread cancer cases in southern Iraq following the 1991 Gulf war as a result of using depleted uranium in their war machinery. The Iraqi media has highlighted recent reports that depleted uranium ammunition used by US NATO forces in the Balkans maybe to blame for a rash of cancer cases among troops posted in the region.
© AP Photo / Hidajet DelicFile photo of unidentified German NATO-led soldier measuring radioactivity at former Bosnian Serb army factory which was bombed by 30 mm depleted uranium shells, in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici.
![File photo of unidentified German NATO-led soldier measuring radioactivity at former Bosnian Serb army factory which was bombed by 30 mm depleted uranium shells, in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici. File photo of unidentified German NATO-led soldier measuring radioactivity at former Bosnian Serb army factory which was bombed by 30 mm depleted uranium shells, in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici. - Sputnik भारत](https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.in/img/07e7/03/18/1295299_0:0:1900:1452_600x0_80_0_1_73992e0eec2248ad817b1423fef507ca.jpg)
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© AP Photo / Hidajet Delic
File photo of unidentified German NATO-led soldier measuring radioactivity at former Bosnian Serb army factory which was bombed by 30 mm depleted uranium shells, in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici.
© AP Photo / Boris GrdanoskiAn unidentified Yugoslav Army officer checks for possible radioactive contamination at a ruined television relay station that was damaged during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, between Bratoselce and Reljan villages near the southern Serbian town of Presevo Tuesday Jan. 9, 2001. Experts in Belgrade have said that the depleted uranium contained in bombs used during the NATO air campaign will remain in the soil for billions of years, filtering into ground, water and moving into the food chain.
![An unidentified Yugoslav Army officer checks for possible radioactive contamination at a ruined television relay station that was damaged during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, between Bratoselce and Reljan villages near the southern Serbian town of Presevo Tuesday Jan. 9, 2001. An unidentified Yugoslav Army officer checks for possible radioactive contamination at a ruined television relay station that was damaged during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, between Bratoselce and Reljan villages near the southern Serbian town of Presevo Tuesday Jan. 9, 2001. - Sputnik भारत](https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.in/img/07e7/03/18/1295116_0:0:2000:1108_600x0_80_0_1_cfd95a2234aee8e101c58cc850aa53e4.jpg)
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© AP Photo / Boris Grdanoski
An unidentified Yugoslav Army officer checks for possible radioactive contamination at a ruined television relay station that was damaged during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, between Bratoselce and Reljan villages near the southern Serbian town of Presevo Tuesday Jan. 9, 2001. Experts in Belgrade have said that the depleted uranium contained in bombs used during the NATO air campaign will remain in the soil for billions of years, filtering into ground, water and moving into the food chain.
© AP Photo / Hidajet delicA pile of 30mm anti-tank rounds is shown in a former military factory in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici, some 16 kilometers (10 miles) south of Sarajevo, Wednesday Jan. 10, 2001. German experts started radiation measurements in a former military compound near Sarajevo that was a target during the 1995 NATO air-strikes. NATO used depleted uranium munitions during the air-strikes on Bosnian Serbs in 1995 and during the air campaign in Kosovo against Yugoslavia in 1999. The 30mm anti-tank rounds fired from American A-10 jets, use low-radiation depleted uranium because of its high penetration power. (AP Photo/Hidajet delic)
![A pile of 30mm anti-tank rounds is shown in a former military factory in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici, some 16 kilometers (10 miles) south of Sarajevo, Wednesday Jan. 10, 2001. A pile of 30mm anti-tank rounds is shown in a former military factory in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici, some 16 kilometers (10 miles) south of Sarajevo, Wednesday Jan. 10, 2001. - Sputnik भारत](https://cdn1.img.sputniknews.in/img/07e7/03/18/1296214_0:0:1992:1450_600x0_80_0_1_08820f3fd93e37c5a70967cb76f78efc.jpg)
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© AP Photo / Hidajet delic
A pile of 30mm anti-tank rounds is shown in a former military factory in Sarajevo suburb of Hadzici, some 16 kilometers (10 miles) south of Sarajevo, Wednesday Jan. 10, 2001. German experts started radiation measurements in a former military compound near Sarajevo that was a target during the 1995 NATO air-strikes. NATO used depleted uranium munitions during the air-strikes on Bosnian Serbs in 1995 and during the air campaign in Kosovo against Yugoslavia in 1999. The 30mm anti-tank rounds fired from American A-10 jets, use low-radiation depleted uranium because of its high penetration power. (AP Photo/Hidajet delic)